Heavy Goods Vehicles and CO2
13.13
From 2013 to 2014
CO2 reduction measures
ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers' Association) requested TML to conduct a study on CO2 reduction measures for the road freight sector. Following an integrated approach, the review considered measures related to vehicle engine efficiency, vehicle design, vehicle usage, road management and CO2 policy. The time horizon of the study was 2020 and beyond. Two driving cycles were considered: long haul and regional delivery.
The first part of the study was a literature review, after which a survey with the main European manufacturers of HGVs was conducted. Their expertise, along with VECTO simulations (Vehicle Energy Calculation TOol), was used to verify and add to the results of the literature review. Assumptions regarding the evolutions of legislation were made in agreement with ACEA.
For new vehicles, a fuel efficiency improvement of 15-17% is within reach by 2020. OEMs can contribute more than half of the improvement, with the greatest potential in engine efficiency improvement.
Note: due to the confidential nature of inputs, detailed results of the survey are not included in the published study.
The rest of the new vehicle improvement comes from other parties, like tyre manufacturers and body and trailer builders (aerodynamics).
When considering the entire fleet and normal vehicle usage and replacement rates (based on a 15 year vehicle lifetime), the contribution of these new technologies is limited, but increases as penetration rises. Most of the short term fuel saving potential lies in optimizing vehicle operation.
Validation
The proposed materials and methods are validated with a group of stakeholders in the European freight transport industry, and any new findings and projections that came about since the initial work.
The final report was presented to the public in February 2016 during ACEA's event "Reducing CO2 from Road Transport Together".
Scenario analysis
As a third step in the process, TML assessed the CO2 reduction potential of certain measures for heavy duty road freight transport, in case predefined conditions with regard to technological progress and uptake are met. The measures have been preselected by ACEA. Realistic and optimistic scenarios have been considered for the long haul (LH) and regional delivery (RD) cycles, under 4 mayor topics:
- Operations
- EU wide introduction of European Modular System vehicle combinations
- Platooning
- Driver training
- Load factor optimisation
- Fleet renewal incentives
- Vehicles
- Semitrailer lightweighting
- Low rolling resistance tyres
- Fuels
- Refuelling infrastructure for alternative fuels (particularly natural gas)
- Liquid biofuels
- Infrastructure
- Vehicle-to-infrastructure communication
- Road maintenance
The following table summarizes the results of this study. It should be noted that these potentials cannot be added up, as there are (sometimes major) interactions between the measures.
ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers' Association) requested TML to conduct a study on CO2 reduction measures for the road freight sector. Following an integrated approach, the review considered measures related to vehicle engine efficiency, vehicle design, vehicle usage, road management and CO2 policy. The time horizon of the study was 2020 and beyond. Two driving cycles were considered: long haul and regional delivery.
The first part of the study was a literature review, after which a survey with the main European manufacturers of HGVs was conducted. Their expertise, along with VECTO simulations (Vehicle Energy Calculation TOol), was used to verify and add to the results of the literature review. Assumptions regarding the evolutions of legislation were made in agreement with ACEA.
For new vehicles, a fuel efficiency improvement of 15-17% is within reach by 2020. OEMs can contribute more than half of the improvement, with the greatest potential in engine efficiency improvement.
| OEM improvement potential by 2020 | Long Haul | Regional delivery |
|---|---|---|
| Engine efficiency | 5.00 % | 4.50 % |
| Auxilliaries management | 1.50 % | 1.70 % |
| Transmission | 0.50 % | 0.50 % |
| Alternative powertrains | N/A | N/A |
| Axles | 0.50 % | 0.50 % |
| Driver assistance system | 2.50 % | 2.50 % |
| Total OEM | - 9.67 % | -9.38 % |
Note: due to the confidential nature of inputs, detailed results of the survey are not included in the published study.
The rest of the new vehicle improvement comes from other parties, like tyre manufacturers and body and trailer builders (aerodynamics).
| Other party improved potential by 2020 | Long Haul | Regional delivery |
|---|---|---|
| Tyres | 4.00 % | 3.00 % |
| Aerodynamics: fairings, tales, etc. | 4.00 % | 3.00 % |
| Weight reduction | 0.50 % | 0.90 % |
| Total others | - 8.30 % | -6.76 % |
When considering the entire fleet and normal vehicle usage and replacement rates (based on a 15 year vehicle lifetime), the contribution of these new technologies is limited, but increases as penetration rises. Most of the short term fuel saving potential lies in optimizing vehicle operation.
Validation
The proposed materials and methods are validated with a group of stakeholders in the European freight transport industry, and any new findings and projections that came about since the initial work.
The final report was presented to the public in February 2016 during ACEA's event "Reducing CO2 from Road Transport Together".
Scenario analysis
As a third step in the process, TML assessed the CO2 reduction potential of certain measures for heavy duty road freight transport, in case predefined conditions with regard to technological progress and uptake are met. The measures have been preselected by ACEA. Realistic and optimistic scenarios have been considered for the long haul (LH) and regional delivery (RD) cycles, under 4 mayor topics:
- Operations
- EU wide introduction of European Modular System vehicle combinations
- Platooning
- Driver training
- Load factor optimisation
- Fleet renewal incentives
- Vehicles
- Semitrailer lightweighting
- Low rolling resistance tyres
- Fuels
- Refuelling infrastructure for alternative fuels (particularly natural gas)
- Liquid biofuels
- Infrastructure
- Vehicle-to-infrastructure communication
- Road maintenance
The following table summarizes the results of this study. It should be noted that these potentials cannot be added up, as there are (sometimes major) interactions between the measures.
| Measure | Realistic | Optimistic | Cost | Remarks | ||
| Operations | LH | RD | LH | RD | ||
| EMS | 7% | 3.5% | 12% | 6% | Low | 17.5 % improvement per individual application 40 % market share assumed in realistic LH, 20 % in RD |
| Platooning | 1.1% | 2.2% | Moderate | 10 % reduction per individual application 11-22% penetration, only in long-haul |
||
| Driver training | 5% | 7% | 7% | 10% | Low | Full penetration assumed Combined effect of driver training and ADAS |
| Load factor optimalisation | 4.1% | 7.8% | 7.8% | 14.4% | N/A | Theoretical calculation! Assuming 5-10 percentage point increase in load factor |
| Fleet renewal incentives | 0.9% | 1.7% | High | Theoretical calculation! Assuming a decrease in age at replacement of 1-2 years Also provides benefits for tailpipe emissions |
||
| Vehicles | ||||||
| Semitrailer lightweighting | 1.0% | 1.3% | High | Only for articulated (long-haul) vehicles - estimates are considered high by stakeholders | ||
| LRRT | 7.5% | 7.5% | 12.5% | 12.5% | Low | 100 % penetration of class B (realistic) or class A (optimistic) |
| Fuels | ||||||
| DAFI (natural gas vehicles) | 1% | 1% | 5% | 5% | Moderate | 10-20 % improvement per individual application Higher penetration + higher share of renewagble gas Also provides benefits for tailpipe emissions |
| Liquid biofuels | 3.3% | 3.3% | 4.5% | 4.5% | N/A | Compared to 2014 fuel mix |
| Infrastructure | ||||||
| V2I ITS | 2% | 3% | 4% | 7% | N/A | Much higher potential in other operations (urban and local) |
| Road maintenance | 3% | 3% | 5% | 5% | Moderate | Benefits also generated for other road users |
